Bay’ah and Representative Legitimacy in Indonesia’s Constitutional Order
Keywords:
Bay’ah, Representative Legitimacy, Constitutional Law, Islamic Political, DemocracyAbstract
This study examines the substantive relationship between bay’ah in Islamic political thought and the system of indirect democracy formerly practiced in Indonesia through the authority of the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR). Using a normative and comparative approach based on constitutional law and fiqh siyasah, the study analyzes the role of representative institutions in establishing political legitimacy. The findings show that both ahl al-hall wa al-’aqd in Islamic governance and the MPR in Indonesia functioned as representative bodies that conferred legitimacy upon political leaders through formal oath mechanisms. However, the study also identifies fundamental differences concerning sovereignty, constitutional hierarchy, and mechanisms of political accountability. While bay’ah is rooted in divine legitimacy and religious obligation, the MPR system was grounded in constitutional popular sovereignty. This study contributes to comparative constitutional discourse by demonstrating the conceptual intersection between Islamic political legitimacy and representative democratic governance in Indonesia.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini mengkaji hubungan substantif antara konsep baiat dalam pemikiran politik Islam dan sistem demokrasi tidak langsung yang pernah diterapkan di Indonesia melalui kewenangan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan normatif dan komparatif berbasis hukum tata negara dan fiqh siyasah, penelitian ini menganalisis peran lembaga perwakilan dalam membentuk legitimasi politik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ahl al-hall wa al-’aqd dalam pemerintahan Islam maupun MPR di Indonesia sama-sama berfungsi sebagai lembaga representatif yang memberikan legitimasi kepada pemimpin politik melalui mekanisme sumpah formal. Namun demikian, terdapat perbedaan mendasar terkait sumber kedaulatan, hierarki ketatanegaraan, dan mekanisme akuntabilitas politik. Jika baiat berlandaskan legitimasi ilahiah dan kewajiban religius, sistem MPR bertumpu pada kedaulatan rakyat secara konstitusional. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada diskursus ketatanegaraan komparatif mengenai legitimasi politik Islam dan demokrasi representatif di Indonesia.
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